The sulfide electrode in bacterial studies

The applicability of a glass/Ag, Ag₂S (silver sulfide coated silver) electrode, which is capable of selectively detecting the H₂S fraction of total reduced inorganic sulfur (S_tot) concentration in biological systems is demonstrated. This electrode was used to monitor photosynthetic sulfide oxidation by Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. The electrode was resistant to Pfennig's medium and bacterial attack and after five months of use showed a potential drift within ±2 mV corresponding to ±13% maximum. The results obtained in a batch type experiment of growth of Chlorobium at different pH values suggest that Chlorobium cells preferentially take up the HS⁻ ion rather than H₂S.     

石油烃类的微生物降解

以长期被石油污染的土壤为菌源,柴油为唯一碳源进行驯化后,分离得到石油烃降解的优势菌。确定了菌体对柴油降解的最适条件:pH值为6.5-8.0,温度为25℃-40℃,营养条件氮源为氯化铵、磷源为磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢二钾的混合物。优势菌体对柴油的降解率为47.8%。     

Alterations in Membrane Phospholipid Fatty Acids of Gram-Positive Piezotolerant Bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 in Response to Growth Pressure

Pressure is an important thermodynamic property of the ocean and the deep biosphere that affects microbial physiology and biochemistry. Here, we report on our investigation of the response of Gram-positive piezotolerant bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 to hydrostatic pressure. Strain DSK25 responded in an adaptive manner to upshifts of growth pressure and showed systematic changes in phospholipid fatty acids. As the pressure increased from 0.1 to 10 MPa (Megapascal), unsaturated fatty acids in DSK25 increased from 21.7 to 31.1 % of total fatty acids, while the level of iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids remained unchanged. At higher pressures (30, 50, and 60 MPa), the amount of unsaturated fatty acids decreased, and that of anteiso-branched fatty acids increased from 34.4 to 49.9 % at the expense of iso-branched fatty acids. For the first time, two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 18:2n-6 and 18:2n-x, with the latter having much higher abundance than the former, were identified in DSK25. The concentration of the PUFA increased with growth pressure. These results indicate the involvement of unsaturated and methyl-branched fatty acids in the modulation of bacteria membrane fluidity and function over environmentally relevant parameter (pressure). Piezotolerant bacterium Sporosarcina sp. DSK25 appears to utilize two regulatory mechanisms for adaptation to high pressure, a rapid-responding mechanism on transient scale, expressed as increased biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, and a long-term adaptation mechanism in increased synthesis of anteiso-branched and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results further suggest that Gram-positive piezophilic bacteria respond differently than Gram-negative bacteria in adaptation to high pressure.     

Injury Mechanisms of Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures During Spray Drying: A Review

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures can be processed by many drying techniques, among which spray drying has great potential. However, injuries of LAB during spray drying lead to a low survival rate. The microbial injuries of LAB during spray drying are specifically induced by dehydration inactivation, thermal inactivation, and balance between the two. To reduce the drying temperature, new drying techniques based on spray drying were tried; that is, low-temperature vacuum–spray drying and spray–freeze drying.     

乳酸菌能量代谢的蛋白质组学研究进展

乳酸茵凭借其悠久的历史、显明的特征及与人类生活紧密相关的特点受到了生物界和医学界的广泛关注。近年来,利用蛋白质组学对其进行研究的成果层出不穷。概述了乳酸菌能量代谢的蛋白质组学研究进展,并讨论了代谢路径之间的相互关系。     

微生物在变压器油中的生长研究

取土壤样通过富集、分离、纯化等方法,得到能以变压器油为唯一碳源的好氧细菌和厌氧细菌,说明自然环境中的确存在能利用变压器油为碳源生长繁殖的细菌.在不同条件下,以变压器油为唯一碳源进行好氧和厌氧培养,当体系在无游离水条件下、温度≥50℃或pH值≤5.0时,微生物均不能生长繁殖,说明在变压器油工作状态下,微生物不能在其中生长繁殖.从运行中的介损值偏高的变压器中取油样,未检测出微生物.     

Combined treatment with chlorine dioxide gas,fumaric acid,and ultraviolet-C light for inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on plums

Combined non-thermal treatment with chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas, ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light, and fumaric acid was performed to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated on plums. Plums were treated with ClO₂ gas (15 and 30 ppmv), fumaric acid (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%), and by UV-C irradiation (3, 5, and 10 kJ/m²). The single treatments with 15 or 30 ppmv ClO₂ gas, 0.5% fumaric acid, and 10 kJ/m² UV-C decreased the population of L. monocytogenes by 1.78, 2.00, 1.65, and 1.62 log CFU/g, respectively, and the population of E. coli O157:H7 by 1.73, 1.81, 1.34, and 2.07 log CFU/g, respectively. In addition, combined treatments reduced the populations of the pathogenic bacteria more than each treatment alone. In particular, the combined treatment with ClO₂ gas (30 ppmv) for 20 min, fumaric acid (0.5%), and UV-C (10 kJ/m²) decreased the populations of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 by 6.26 and 5.48 log CFU/g, respectively. These results suggest that combined treatment with ClO₂ gas, UV-C light, and fumaric acid may be a useful hurdle technology to enhance the microbiological safety of plums.     

硫酸盐还原菌法固定酸性矿山废水中重金属的研究进展

硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）法是一种极具潜力的酸性矿山废水（AMD）处理技术,如何将多种重金属分级沉淀并且分相分离出来,是SRB工艺走上工程应用的关键。本文综述了SRB法固定AMD中重金属的国内外研究进展,主要包括SRB法去除AMD中重金属的原理、SRB法分级沉淀AMD中多种重金属的工艺（分离式多级pH控制工艺及厌氧折流板反应器工艺）和SRB法厌氧污泥中金属硫化物的生物矿化（SRB介导的生物矿化成矿、生物矿化成矿影响因素及生物矿化过程微观机理）,分析了此方面研究工作存在的问题。最后文章针对SRB法的深入研究及应用进行展望,认为硫酸盐还原体系中硫化物成矿的调控、成矿物相演变与微生物群落演替过程的解析以及矿化固定AMD中重金属成矿机理的探索将是今后重点关注的研究内容。     

乳酸菌发酵提取物保护皮肤氧化损伤的作用与机理

为筛选出能够保护皮肤细胞减缓氧化应激损伤的乳酸菌,对植物乳杆菌、类干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、高加索酸奶乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆菌五种不同乳酸菌进行发酵培养获得发酵提取物,从生化、细胞、分子三种水平对所得提取物的抗氧化功效和保护细胞氧化应激损伤的效果和机制进行检测。结果表明五种乳酸菌发酵提取物均具有良好的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子的能力,植物乳杆菌发酵提取物(Lactobacillus plantarum fermented extract 1,FE1)对两种自由基的清除作用最强,10g/L的FE1能够清除49.14%的羟自由基和73.99%的超氧阴离子。五种乳酸菌发酵提取物中植物乳杆菌发酵提取物、类干酪乳杆菌发酵提取物（Lactobacillus paracasei fermented extract 2, FE2）和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵提取物（Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented extract 3 ,FE3）能够显著提高氧化应激损伤条件下皮肤细胞的存活率（ p<0.05）以及细胞中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活力（p<0.05）,同时降低细胞内活性氧含量（p<0.05）。特别的是,植物乳杆菌发酵提取物还可以显著提升细胞内过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活力水平及细胞的总抗氧化能力水平（p<0.05）。分子水平实验结果显示植物乳杆菌发酵提取物可促进Sirt1上调表达,并激活Wnt/β-catenin通路中关键调控基因β-catenin,从而上调了MP30、FoxO3a、Tbx3抗氧化基因表达从而提升其抗氧化能力。因此植物乳杆菌发酵提取物良好的抗氧化性效果具有减缓H2O2刺激引起皮肤细胞氧化损伤的作用。     

弹塑性应力作用下X80管线钢的菌致开裂行为

目的 揭示硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）在管线钢表面裂纹萌生中的作用。方法 采用恒载荷实验装置施加弹性和塑性应力,通过XPS和EDS分析产物成分,利用SEM观察微生物膜形态、管线钢腐蚀形貌,研究弹性和塑性应力作用下管线钢的微生物致裂裂纹萌生和扩展行为。结果 弹性和塑性应力对SRB生长无明显影响。不管是在弹性应力还是塑性应力作用下,SRB生理活动均改变了腐蚀产物的结构,增加了腐蚀产物的硫含量,提高了管线钢局部腐蚀敏感性。与弹性应力作用相比,塑性应力和SRB协同作用对管线钢微裂纹萌生和扩展的影响更大。塑性应力作用下,灭菌和接菌环境中管线钢表面均产生了微裂纹分叉。结论 弹性应力和塑性应力均促进了管线钢的微生物腐蚀过程。塑性应力作用下管线钢菌致开裂更加剧烈,裂纹扩展过程与SRB生理活动有关。